DNA Testing in Leicester

• Food Reactions – Explore your body’s reactions to gluten (linked to coeliac disease) and lactose, providing a roadmap for dietary compatibility.
• Caffeine – Identify your caffeine sensitivity and metabolism, helping you balance stimulation and relaxation effectively.
  Microbiome Diversity – Understand your gut’s bacterial ecosystem diversity, a key to digestive health and overall well-being.
• Vitamin Needs – Ascertain your body’s specific requirements for vitamins A, B9 (folate), B12 (cobalamin), C, D, and K to support optimal health.
• Blood Pressure – Discover your genetic disposition towards sodium-potassium balance and salt-sensitive hypertension, enabling better blood pressure management.
• Detoxification – Evaluate your body’s ability to produce glutathione, a critical detoxification agent.
• Metabolism – Learn how your genes influence blood sugar control (insulin), appetite regulation (leptin), and fat metabolism, equipping you with the knowledge to maintain a healthy weight.
• Inflammation – Understand your genetic predisposition to specific (infection response) and systemic inflammation, helping you manage and prevent chronic diseases.
• Circadian Rhythm – Determine whether your genes make you an early riser or a night owl, enabling better sleep hygiene and energy management.

GENES INCLUDED

• Food Response: HLA-DQA1 (Human Leukocyte Antigen DQ Alpha 1), HLA-DQB1 (Human Leukocyte Antigen DQ Beta 1) and LCT (Lactase)
• Caffeine: CYP1A2 (Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily A Member 2) and ADORA2A (Adenosine A2a Receptor)
• Microbiome: FUT (Fucosyltransferase, commonly referred to as FUT2 or FUT3)
• Vitamins: BCO1 (Beta-Carotene Oxygenase 1), MTHFR (Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase), FUT2 (Fucosyltransferase 2), TCN2 (Transcobalamin 2), SLC23A1 (Solute Carrier Family 23 Member 1), GC (Group-Specific Component also known as Vitamin D Binding Protein), VDR (Vitamin D Receptor) and VKORC1 (Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex Subunit 1)
• Blood Pressure: ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) and AGT (Angiotensinogen)
• Detoxification: GSTM1 (Glutathione S-Transferase Mu 1)
• Metabolism: FADS1/2 (Fatty Acid Desaturase 1 and 2), FTO (Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Gene), TCF7L2 (Transcription Factor 7 Like 2), PGC1A (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-Alpha) and LEPR (Leptin Receptor)
• Inflammation: TNF (Tumour Necrosis Factor) and IFNG (Interferon Gamma)
• Circadian Rhythm: CLOCK (Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput) and PER1 (Period Circadian Regulator 1)

Sample Report: Nutrient Core Report

Our Metabolics Report revolutionises our understanding of the genetic influence on metabolic uniqueness, providing insights into energy control, longevity, and healthspan. It sheds light on the body’s chemical processes related to nutrient absorption, utilisation – burning or storing fat and sugar – and elimination.

Our report details six interconnected metabolic pathways – appetite regulation, nutrient sensing, sugar metabolism, fat metabolism, cholesterol and bile metabolism, and the relationship between mitochondria and inflammation. These insights can help you manage personal risk of conditions like diabetes, chronic fatigue, weight gain, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, thus optimising your health-span and longevity.

METABOLIC PATHWAYS & GENES INCLUDED

• Appetite Regulation: BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor), FAAH (Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase), FTO (Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Gene), LEPR (Leptin Receptor), MC4R (Melanocortin 4 Receptor), NPY (Neuropeptide Y), POMC (Proopiomelanocortin)
• Nutrient Sensing: ADIPOQ (Adiponectin, C1Q and Collagen Domain Containing), FOXO3 (Forkhead Box O3), HIF1A (Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 Subunit Alpha), IRS1 (Insulin Receptor Substrate 1), PARP1 (Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1), PGC1A (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-Alpha), PPARA (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha), PPARG (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma), SIRT1 (Sirtuin 1), VEGFA (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A)
• Sugar Metabolism: AMPD1 (Adenosine Monophosphate Deaminase 1), FABP2 (Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2), GCK (Glucokinase), GLUT2 (Glucose Transporter Type 2 (Gene: SLC2A2)), IRS1 (Insulin Receptor Substrate 1), PPARG (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma), TCF7L2 (Transcription Factor 7 Like 2)
• Fat Metabolism: ADRB3 (Adrenoceptor Beta 3), CD36 (Cluster of Differentiation 36 (Fatty Acid Translocase)), CPT1A (Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A), FABP2 (Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2), LPL (Lipoprotein Lipase), PLIN1 (Perilipin 1), PPARA (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha), SREBF1 (Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Transcription Factor 1)
• Cholesterol and Bile: CYP7A1 (Cytochrome P450 Family 7 Subfamily A Member 1), HMGCR (3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase), LDLR (Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor), SREBF1 (Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Transcription Factor 1)
• Mitochondria and Inflammation: CAT (Catalase), CRP (C-Reactive Protein), FOXO3 (Forkhead Box O3), GPX1 (Glutathione Peroxidase 1), IFNG (Interferon Gamma), IL6 (Interleukin 6), NRF2 (Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2–Related Factor 2 (Gene: NFE2L2)), SIRT3 (Sirtuin 3), SOD2 (Superoxide Dismutase 2), TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor), UCP1/2/3 (Uncoupling Proteins 1, 2, and 3)

Sample Report: Metabolic Report

Detoxification is the physiological removal of toxic substances from the human body. It is mainly carried out by the liver, and to a lesser extent the small intestine, kidneys and lungs. Substances such as nutrients, food additives, pesticides, medications, air pollutants, alcohol and hormones are transformed from being fat-soluble to water-soluble, allowing them to be more easily excreted from the body. The process occurs in two major phases: Phase I primes toxic molecules for deactivation and Phase II finishes the deactivation and prepares for elimination.

Genetic variants (SNPs) can impact phase 1, 2 and 3 detoxification pathways and contribute to symptoms such as headaches, muscle aches, fatigue, allergies, skin disorders, weight gain, bloating, acid reflux and heartburn, excessive sweating, chronic infections, sub-fertility, decreased libido, poor mental function and lower stress tolerance.

The Detoxification test examines genes which impact Phase I reactions in the liver, including the cytochrome P450 oxidases, Phase II conjugation, including the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and the Phase III antiporter gene ABCB1, which affects the transport of medicines and other substances into and out of cells. It also includes genes that help to neutralise Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) – due to toxic intermediates (generated in Phase 1). The report identifies personalised nutritional support required to optimise detoxification.

GENES INCLUDED

• CYP450s (Cytochrome P450 enzymes): CYP1A1 (Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily A Member 1), CYP1A2 (Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily A Member 2), CYP1B1 (Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily B Member 1), CYP2A6 ( Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily A Member 6), CYP2C9 (Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily C Member 9), CYP2C19 (Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily C Member 19), CYP2D6 (Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily D Member 6), CYP2E1 (Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily E Member 1) and CYP3A4 (Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Subfamily A Member 4)
• Alcohol Metabolism: ADH1B (Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1B), ADH1C (Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1C) and ALDH2 (Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2)
• Pesticide Detoxification: PON1 (Paraoxonase 1)
• Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Defence: SOD2 (Superoxide Dismutase 2), GPX1 (Glutathione Peroxidase 1) and NQO1 (NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1)
• Glucuronidation: UGT1A1 (UDP Glucuronosyltransferase Family 1 Member A1), UGT1A6 (UDP Glucuronosyltransferase Family 1 Member A6)
• Methylation: COMT (Catechol-O-Methyltransferase) and TPMT (Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase)
• Sulphonation: SULT1A1 (Sulfotransferase Family 1A Member 1), SULT1E1 (Sulfotransferase Family 1E Member 1) and SULT2A1 (Sulfotransferase Family 2A Member 1)
• Acetylation: NAT1 (N-Acetyltransferase 1) and NAT2 (N-Acetyltransferase 2)
• Glutathione Conjugation: GSTM1 (Glutathione S-Transferase Mu 1), GSTP1 (Glutathione S-Transferase Pi 1) and GSTT1 (Glutathione S-Transferase Theta 1)
• Antiporter / Drug Transport: ABCB1 (ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily B Member 1 (also known as MDR1 or P-glycoprotein))

Sample report: Detoxification 

Methylation involves the addition of methyl groups, composed of one carbon and three hydrogen atoms, to other molecules. This process, happening billions of times every second within our cells, plays a pivotal role in almost every metabolic process. It supports numerous essential functions in our bodies.

Imbalances in methylation, whether due to insufficiency or excess, can lead to increased susceptibility to chronic health conditions. These include heart disease, circulatory problems, chronic fatigue, infertility, immune and autoimmune conditions, food and chemical sensitivities, mood and psychiatric disorders, cancer, and premature ageing.

Our Methylation test scrutinises genes implicated in five methylation sub-cycles – folate, methionine, neurotransmitter, trans-sulphuration, and urea. Genetic results can provide insights into whether an individual might be inefficient or overly effective at processing cofactors, including B6, B9 (folate), and B12 (cobalamin), methionine, betaine, choline, zinc, and magnesium. Additionally, it reveals the impact of inhibitors like chemicals, moulds, drugs, hormones, and heavy metals, offering guidance on how to manage or bypass potential weaknesses.

Methylation is fundamental for maintaining the biochemical balance in your body and brain. Common genetic variants, or Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), can influence methylation, potentially leading to systemic imbalances and chronic health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, sub-fertility, mood disorders, depression, dementia, fatigue, autoimmune diseases, allergies, and premature ageing.

GENES INCLUDED

• Folate Cycle: DHFR (Dihydrofolate Reductase), FOLH1 (Folate Hydrolase 1), MTHFD1 (Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase 1), MTHFR (Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase), RFC1 (Reduced Folate Carrier 1 (Gene: SLC19A1)), SHMT1 (Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase 1) and TYMS (Thymidylate Synthase)
• Methionine Cycle: AHCY (Adenosylhomocysteinase), BHMT (Betaine-Homocysteine Methyltransferase), CHDH (Choline Dehydrogenase), FUT2 (Fucosyltransferase 2), MAT1A (Methionine Adenosyltransferase 1A), MTR (5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine Methyltransferase), MTRR (Methionine Synthase Reductase), PEMT (Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase) and TCN2 (Transcobalamin 2)
• Neurotransmitter Cycle: COMT (Catechol-O-Methyltransferase), MAOA (Monoamine Oxidase A), MAOB (Monoamine Oxidase B), MTHFR (Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase), PNMT (Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase), QDPR (Quinoid Dihydropteridine Reductase) and VDR (Vitamin D Receptor)
• Transsulphuration Cycle: CBS (Cystathionine Beta-Synthase), CTH (Cystathionine Gamma-Lyase), GSS (Glutathione Synthetase), MUT (Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase) and SUOX (Sulfite Oxidase)
• Urea Cycle: BDKRB2 (Bradykinin Receptor B2), NOS (Nitric Oxide Synthase (commonly refers to NOS1, NOS2, or NOS3)) and SOD (Superoxide Dismutase (can refer to SOD1, SOD2, or SOD3))

Sample report: Methylation Report 

Steroid hormones are crucial biochemical messengers derived from cholesterol, significantly influencing numerous physiological processes in both men and women. These hormones, including progesterone, oestrogen, testosterone, DHEA, and cortisol, and their derivatives, are integral to the development and function of the reproductive system, metabolism, inflammation, and immune response.

Generally, steroid hormones are transported in the blood, bound to specific carrier proteins. Their further metabolism and catabolism occur in the liver, peripheral tissues, and target tissues. An imbalance in these steroid hormones can lead to a host of symptoms affecting both men and women, including infertility, low libido, low sperm count, acne, excess facial hair in women, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), blood clots, mood swings, depression, substance misuse, poor memory, weight gain (particularly belly fat in men), changes in breast appearance in men, and hormone-sensitive cancers like breast cancer or prostate cancer.

Our comprehensive Hormone test delves into the genes involved in the regulation, synthesis, signalling, transport, and metabolism of both corticosteroids and sex steroid hormones. It examines how genetic variants can affect hormone imbalances and provides details on the nutrients and environmental factors that can influence and potentially enhance hormonal balance.

GENES INCLUDED

• Steroid Hormones: AKR1C4 (Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C4), CYP17A1 (Cytochrome P450 Family 17 Subfamily A Member 1), GABRA2 (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Alpha2 Subunit), HSD11B1 (Hydroxysteroid 11-Beta Dehydrogenase 1), SRD5A2 (Steroid 5 Alpha-Reductase 2), SULT2A1 (Sulfotransferase Family 2A Member 1)
• Oestrogen: COMT (Catechol-O-Methyltransferase), CYP1A1 (Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily A Member 1), CYP1B1 (Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily B Member 1), CYP3A4 (Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Subfamily A Member 4), CYP19A1 (Cytochrome P450 Family 19 Subfamily A Member 1 (Aromatase)), ESR1 (Estrogen Receptor 1), ESR2 (Estrogen Receptor 2), MTHFR (Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase), NQO1 (NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1)
• Detoxification: ABCB1 (ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily B Member 1 (P-glycoprotein)), GSTM1 (Glutathione S-Transferase Mu 1), GSTP1 (Glutathione S-Transferase Pi 1), SULT1A1 (Sulfotransferase Family 1A Member 1), SULT1E1 (Sulfotransferase Family 1E Member 1), UGT1A1 (UDP Glucuronosyltransferase Family 1 Member A1)
• HPA Axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis): ADRB1 (Adrenoceptor Beta 1), ADRB2 (Adrenoceptor Beta 2), FKBP5 (FK506 Binding Protein 5), MTNR1B (Melatonin Receptor 1B), OPRM1 (Opioid Receptor Mu 1), TCF7L2 (Transcription Factor 7 Like 2)
• HPG Axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis): ESR1 (Estrogen Receptor 1), ESR2 (Estrogen Receptor 2), FAAH (Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase)

Sample report: Hormones Report 

Histamine plays various critical roles in the body: functioning as a neurotransmitter to relay messages to and from the brain and nervous system; triggering the release of stomach acid to aid digestion; and serving as a part of the body’s immune response, released after stress, injury, or an allergic reaction.

Histamine intolerance results from a toxic response when there’s an imbalance between accumulated histamine and the body’s ability to metabolise it. When histamine isn’t broken down swiftly enough, it becomes toxic, causing symptoms that may resemble an allergic reaction. These symptoms can include skin irritation, gastrointestinal distress, respiratory issues, headaches, insomnia, and anxiety.

Our Histamine Intolerance test scrutinises the genes and nutrients responsible for breaking down and eliminating histamine. It uncovers where disruptions might occur and provides guidance on how to support optimal function. Factors like gastrointestinal diseases or ‘blockers’, such as alcohol, smoked or fermented foods, black and green tea, and certain medications like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen or aspirin), can impair the function of Diamine oxidase (DAO), which primarily metabolises histamine in the gut. Additionally, insufficient histamine-N-methyltransferase (HNMT) in the nervous system and lungs can lead to an overload of histamine.

GENES INCLUDED

• Nervous & Immune System: HNMT (Histamine N-Methyltransferase), MAOB (Monoamine Oxidase B) and NAT2 (N-Acetyltransferase 2)
• Methylation: MTHFR (Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase)
• Gastro-Intestinal: ALDH2 (Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2), DAO (Diamine Oxidase) and GPX1 (Glutathione Peroxidase 1)

Sample report: Histamine Intolerance Reports 

Oestrogen, one of the major female steroidal sex hormones alongside progesterone, plays a pivotal role in the body’s biological processes. It promotes cell growth and production, is instrumental in the development of the female reproductive system, and contributes to the maintenance of bone density, blood clotting, and the health of hair, skin, mucous membranes, and pelvic muscles. Men also require oestrogen, albeit at significantly lower levels, for sperm production and maintaining libido.

Imbalances in oestrogen and androgen hormones can potentially lead to health issues such as sub-fertility, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, menstrual irregularities, excess facial hair in women or breast tissue in men, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, blood clots, acne, sexual dysfunction, mood swings, memory issues, weight gain, and hormone-sensitive cancers.

Our Oestrogen Balance test delves into the genes involved in the lifecycle of oestrogen. It examines how genetic variants can influence the production, activation, and elimination of oestrogens, while also detailing the nutrients and environmental factors that can help maintain and improve hormonal balance.

The Oestrogen Balance report is a valuable tool, particularly for women suspecting conditions linked to oestrogen imbalances. With the insights provided, individuals can navigate their hormonal health more effectively and take proactive steps towards achieving optimal well-being.

GENES INCLUDED

• Synthesis: CYP17A1 (Cytochrome P450 Family 17 Subfamily A Member 1), CYP19A1 (Cytochrome P450 Family 19 Subfamily A Member 1 (Aromatase)) and SULT2A1 (Sulfotransferase Family 2A Member 1)
• Activation: CYP1A1 (Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily A Member 1), CYP1B1 (Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily B Member 1) and CYP3A4 (Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Subfamily A Member 4)
• Receptors: ESR1 (Estrogen Receptor 1) and ESR2 (Estrogen Receptor 2)
• Methylation: COMT (Catechol-O-Methyltransferase) and MTHFR (Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase)
• Metabolism: GSTM1 (Glutathione S-Transferase Mu 1), GSTP1 (Glutathione S-Transferase Pi 1), SULT1A1 (Sulfotransferase Family 1A Member 1), SULT1E1 (Sulfotransferase Family 1E Member 1) and UGT1A1 (UDP Glucuronosyltransferase Family 1 Member A1)

Sample report: Oestrogen Balance Report

The nervous system plays a crucial role in transmitting messages throughout the body and mind, enabling individuals to interact effectively with their surroundings. Neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers within this system, carry signals between neurons and across synapses, the nerve junctions. They are classified into excitatory neurotransmitters, which stimulate the firing of a neuron signal, and inhibitory neurotransmitters, which reduce this likelihood. Achieving a balance between these two types is key to optimal mental and physical interaction with our environment.

An imbalance in these neurotransmitters can lead to various symptoms such as mood imbalances, depression, mania, attention deficit and obsessive-compulsive disorders, addictive behaviours, disruptions in motor control, and feelings of anger, aggression, and restlessness.

Our Neurotransmitter Balance test analyses gene variants that impact a variety of neurotransmitters: serotonin, associated with contentment; melatonin, crucial for sleep; dopamine, influencing motivation; noradrenaline and adrenaline, related to the ‘fight or flight’ response; glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter; GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, critical for relaxation; and endocannabinoids (AEA/anandamide), which help regulate other neurotransmitters.

GENES INCLUDED

• Serotonin: ALDH2 (Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2), HTR1A (5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 1A), HTR2A (5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 2A), MAOA (Monoamine Oxidase A), MTHFR (Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase), SLC18A1 (VMAT) (Solute Carrier Family 18 Member A1 (Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 1)), VDR (Vitamin D Receptor) and TPH1 & TPH2 (Tryptophan Hydroxylase 1 & 2)
• Kynurenic Acid: FKBP5 (FK506 Binding Protein 5), IFNG (Interferon Gamma) and TNF (Tumour Necrosis Factor)
• Melatonin: ASMT (Acetylserotonin O-Methyltransferase) and MTNR1B (Melatonin Receptor 1B)
• Dopamine: ALDH2 (Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2), COMT (Catechol-O-Methyltransferase), DRD2 (Dopamine Receptor D2), MAOB (Monoamine Oxidase B), MAOA (Monoamine Oxidase A), MTHFR (Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase), OPRM1 ( Opioid Receptor Mu 1), SLC6A3 (DAT) (Solute Carrier Family 6 Member A3 (Dopamine Transporter)), TH (Tyrosine Hydroxylase) and VDR (Vitamin D Receptor)
• Adrenergic: ADRB2 (Adrenoceptor Beta 2), COMT (Catechol-O-Methyltransferase), DBH ( Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase), MAOA (Monoamine Oxidase A), PNMT (Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase), SLC6A2 (NET) (Solute Carrier Family 6 Member A2 (Norepinephrine Transporter)) and SLC18A1 (VMAT) (Solute Carrier Family 18 Member A1 (Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 1))
• GABA: ALPL (Alkaline Phosphatase, Liver/Bone/Kidney), GAD1 (Glutamate Decarboxylase 1), GAD2 (Glutamate Decarboxylase 2) and GABRA2 (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Alpha2 Subunit)
• Cannabinoid: CNR1 (Cannabinoid Receptor 1), TRPV1 (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1) and FAAH (Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase)

Sample report: Nervous System Report

The Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is best known for its role in lipid (fat) metabolism by helping to remove cholesterol from the bloodstream. It can exist in three main forms known as E2, E3 and E4.

The APOE4 genotype is a well-known risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease and cardiovascular diseases. This test also analyses genes involved in the three subtypes of Alzheimer’s – i) inflammatory, ii) toxic and ii) atrophic – described in the BredesenTM protocol. Understanding your risk enables a personalised approach to managing it.

In addition to APOE, this test examines genes involved in methylation, inflammation, toxicity and neuroprotection, to enable individuals to take preventative action by adopting personalised nutrition and lifestyle changes to optimise their future, long-term health.

GENES INCLUDED

• Lipid Metabolism: APOE (Apolipoprotein E)
• Methylation: MTHFR (Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase)
• Inflammation: IFNG (Interferon Gamma) and TNF (Tumour Necrosis Factor)
• Detoxification: GSTM1 (Glutathione S-Transferase Mu 1), GSTT1 (Glutathione S-Transferase Theta 1) and GSTP1 (Glutathione S-Transferase Pi 1)
• Neuroprotection: BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor)

Sample report: Apoe Report 

The thyroid, an endocrine gland located in the neck, plays a central role in regulating metabolism, growth, and cardiovascular function. It produces two primary hormones – triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), as well as calcitonin, exerting metabolic control over virtually every cell in the body.

Various genetic and environmental factors influence thyroid function, including nutrients (such as tyrosine, selenium, and iodine), toxins (like fluoride, chlorine, or moulds), psychosocial or physical stressors, as well as bacteria and viruses. These factors can result in an imbalance leading to Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis dysfunction, autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) like Graves’ and Hashimoto’s, and, although rare, thyroid-sensitive cancers. This imbalance can also impact the transport, activation, and response to thyroid hormones.

Deficiency or excess of thyroid hormones can manifest in a variety of symptoms. Hypothyroidism, or underactivity of the thyroid, may cause weight gain, fatigue, low libido, cold intolerance, dry skin, constipation, and depression. Hyperthyroidism, or overactivity, may result in anxiety, heat intolerance, heart palpitations, insomnia, and weight loss.

Our Thyroid Balance report scrutinises genes involved in the lifecycle of thyroid hormones: synthesis both centrally (in the thyroid) and in peripheral tissues, transport, metabolism, processing of cofactors (vitamins D and A), and inhibitors (stress and toxins). It further examines genes that might predict susceptibility to inflammation and autoimmunity. By understanding your genetic makeup, you can take proactive steps towards maintaining an optimal thyroid balance, ultimately enhancing overall health and well-being.

GENES INCLUDED

• HPT Axis: CAPZB (Capping Actin Protein of Muscle Z-Line Beta Subunit), FKBP5 (FK506 Binding Protein 5), GPX1* (Glutathione Peroxidase 1), PDE8B (Phosphodiesterase 8B), TG* (Thyroglobulin), TSHR* (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor) (*also involved in autoimmunity)
• Autoimmune: CTLA4 (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4), FOXE1 (Forkhead Box E1), HLA-DQA1 (Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class II, DQ Alpha 1), HLA-DQB1 (Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class II, DQ Beta 1) and PTPN22 (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-Receptor Type 22)
• Inflammation: CD40 (Cluster of Differentiation 40), FCRL3 (Fc Receptor Like 3), IL6 (Interleukin 6), TNF (Tumour Necrosis Factor), GC (Group-Specific Component (Vitamin D Binding Protein)) and VDR ( Vitamin D Receptor)
• Transport: SLCO1B1 (Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter Family Member 1B1) and SLCO1C1 (Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter Family Member 1C1)
• Activation: DIO1 (Deiodinase I, Iodothyronine), DIO2 (Deiodinase II, Iodothyronine), BCO1 (Beta-Carotene Oxygenase 1), GC (Group-Specific Component (Vitamin D Binding Protein)) and VDR (Vitamin D Receptor)
• Metabolism: SULT1A1 (Sulfotransferase Family 1A Member 1), SULT1E1 (Sulfotransferase Family 1E Member 1), UGT1A1 (UDP Glucuronosyltransferase Family 1 Member A1)

Sample report: Thyroid Balance Report 

DNA sequencing has opened the door to personalised approaches to health and fitness, enabling a more intelligent approach to training, recovery and performance. In this report, we present elements of your unique DNA profile that have been shown to affect athletic performance.

Whether you are an elite athlete, a ‘weekend warrior’, or just want to be more active, the athlete DNA test will enable you to optimise:

1. Training – cardio-vascular adaptation, strategic fuelling and structural strength;
2. Recovery – build resilience and reduce injury risk; and
3. Performance – balance stress and stimulation – to achieve your personal best.

GENES INCLUDED

• Balance: HTR2A (5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 2A (Serotonin Receptor 2A)), LCT (Lactase), HLA-DQA1 (Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class II, DQ Alpha 1)
• Cardio: ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme), AGT (Angiotensinogen), BDKRB2 (Bradykinin Receptor B2), NOS3 (Nitric Oxide Synthase 3 (Endothelial)), VEGFA (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A)
• Fuel: MTHFR (Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase), MTRR (Methionine Synthase Reductase), ADRB2 (Adrenoceptor Beta 2), AMPD1 (Adenosine Monophosphate Deaminase 1), PGC1A (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1 Alpha), PPARA (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha)
• Inflammation: IL6 (Interleukin 6), TNF (Tumour Necrosis Factor)
• Motivate: ADRB2 (Adrenoceptor Beta 2), ADORA2A (Adenosine A2A Receptor), CYP1A2 (Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily A Member 2)
• Oxidative Stress: GSS (Glutathione Synthetase), NOS3 (Nitric Oxide Synthase 3 (Endothelial)), SOD2 (Superoxide Dismutase 2)
• Sleep: CLOCK (Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput), PER1 (Period Circadian Regulator 1)
• Structure: ACTN3 (Alpha-Actinin 3), COL1A1 (Collagen Type I Alpha 1 Chain), VDR (Vitamin D Receptor), VKORC1 (Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex Subunit 1)

Sample report: Athlete Report 

Mineral nutrients are chemical elements crucial for human health. Unlike vitamins, which are organic compounds produced by plants and animals, minerals are inorganic and come from rocks, soil, or water. They are essential for building and maintaining strong bones and teeth, regulating pH and fluid balance, facilitating nerve signalling and muscle contraction, and supporting hormone, enzyme, and immune system function.

While adequate intake of essential minerals is vital for health, excessive consumption and accumulation can be harmful. Moreover, exposure to environmental heavy metals poses serious risks to human health due to their toxicity.

Metals and minerals interact in complex ways with each other and with vitamin metabolism. Factors such as genetics, diet, age, sex, and lifestyle can influence how the body absorbs, distributes, and eliminates these elements, ultimately affecting their balance and status.

The Metals and Minerals Report highlights aspects of your DNA profile linked to the needs, status, and metabolism of key macro and trace minerals, as well as heavy metals.

GENES INCLUDED

• Arsenic: AS3MT, MTHFR
• Calcium: ATP2B1, CASR
• Copper: ATP7B, CP
• Iron: HFE, TMPRSS6
• Magnesium: TRPM6
• Manganese: SLC39A8, SOD2
• Mercury: GSTP1, GSTT1
• Metallothioneins: MT1A, MT2A
• Phosphorus: KL
• Selenium: GPX1, GPX4, SELENOP
• Sodium and Potassium: ACE, AGTR1, AGT
• Zinc: SLC30A8, SLC39A8

Sample report: Metals and Minerals Report